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Nicholas I (6 July [O.S. 25 June] 1796 – 2 March [O.S. 18 February] 1855) was Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland, and Grand Duke of Finland from 1825 to 1855. He was the third son of Paul I and younger brother of his predecessor, Alexander I. Nicholas's thirty-year reign began with the failed Decembrist revolt. He is mainly remembered as a reactionary whose controversial reign was marked by geographical expansion, centralisation of administrative policies, and repression of dissent both in Russia and among its neighbors. Nicholas had a happy marriage that produced a large family, with all of their seven children surviving childhood.

Nicholas's biographer Nicholas V. Riasanovsky said that he displayed determination, singleness of purpose, and an iron will, along with a powerful sense of duty and a dedication to very hard work. He saw himself as a soldier—a junior officer consumed by spit and polish. A handsome man, he was highly nervous and aggressive. Trained as a military engineer, he was a stickler for minute detail. In his public persona, stated Riasanovsky, "Nicholas I came to represent autocracy personified: infinitely majestic, determined and powerful, hard as stone, and relentless as fate."

Nicholas I was instrumental in helping to create an independent Greek state and resumed the Russian conquest of the Caucasus by seizing Iğdır Province and the remainder of modern-day Armenia and Azerbaijan from Qajar Iran during the Russo-Persian War (1826–1828). He ended the Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) successfully as well. He crushed the November Uprising in Poland in 1831 and decisively aided Austria during the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. Later on, however, he led Russia into the Crimean War (1853–1856), with disastrous results. Historians emphasize that his micromanagement of the armies hindered his generals, as did his misguided strategy. Several historians have concluded that "the reign of Nicholas I was a catastrophic failure in both domestic and foreign policy." On the eve of his death, the Russian Empire spanned over 20 million square kilometers (7.7 million square miles), but had a desperate need for reform.

Alexandre I de Rússia (rus: Александр I) (Sant Petersburg, 12 de desembre de 1777 ^(Julià) - Taganrog, 19 de novembre de 1825 ^(Julià)), fou tsar de Rússia entre 1801 i 1825, rei de Polònia des de 1815 i primer gran duc de Finlàndia.

Va néixer el dia 23 de desembre de 1777 a Sant Petersburg essent fill del futur tsar Pau I de Rússia i de la duquessa Sofia de Württemberg. Alexandre era net del tsar Pere III de Rússia i de la tsarina Caterina II de Rússia per via paterna; mentre que per via materna era net del duc Frederic II Eugeni de Württemberg i de la marcgravina Frederica Dorotea de Brandenburg-Schwedt.

Alexandre va succeir el seu pare al tron després que aquest fos assassinat, i va dirigir Rússia durant el període caòtic de les Guerres Napoleòniques. El seu regnat es divideix en dues gran etapes, mentre que en un primer període intentà la introducció de reformes de caràcter liberal, després de 1815 fou el principal defensor de l'absolutisme a Europa. Referent a la política exterior, Alexandre incrementà i consolidà definitivament el poder de Rússia en el concert internacional. Concretament, sota el seu regnat, Rússia va conquerir Finlàndia i part de Polònia. Les estranyes contradiccions del seu caràcter converteixen Alexandre en un dels tsars més interessants de Rússia.